Inquiry Basket
| Your inquiry basket is currently empty. |
Product Summary
Source
Exosome derived from Apple
Product Overview
Plant exosomes are nanosized (30-150 nm) membrane vesicles that contain biomolecules. Plant-derived exosomes refer to naturally occurring nanoparticles derived from plants that contain bioactive molecules and proteins. These exosomes have been shown to have multiple benefits in a variety of applications, such as skincare, drug delivery, and biomedicine. Plant-derived exosomes have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties, making them an attractive option for the development of new and innovative therapies. Plant-derived natural substances are widely used as cosmeceutical materials because they exert beneficial effects on the human skin, such as antiaging, moisturizing, whitening, regeneration, and nutritional supply. Besides, they could delivery therapeutic compounds to target cells, potentially revolutionizing the way in which drugs are administered. Overall, plant-derived exosomes hold great promise for a wide range of applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology.
PNExo™ is focused on the production and delivery of high quality plant-derived exosomes products. Exosomes are important tools of intercellular communication with a variety of biological functions, including cell regeneration and immune regulation. PNExo™ products undergo a rigorous screening and purification process that guarantees their high purity and activity. Lyophilization is useful for a long-term storage at 4°C, and frozen liquid should be kept at -20°C to -80°C. Ultracentrifugation and precipitation techniques are mainly used in exosome Isolation. It had been reported that both methods yielded extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes and included apoproteins, which can be used in downstream analyses. Creative Biostructure PNExo™ exosome products guarantee higher purity and quality to meet our customer research.
Form
Lyophilized powder
Concentration
> 1x10^6 particles
Storage
Lyophilized powder store at 4 °C. Frozen liquid store at -20°C to -80°C. Recommended to avoid repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution
Reconstitute lyophilized exosome by adding deionized water for a desired final concentration. Centrifuge before opening to ensure exosomes are at bottom, resuspend exosomes by pipetting and/or vortex, please avoid bubbles. Centrifuge again and mix well for using.
Scientific Background
Benefits of Apple: Bioactive Components and Functions
Apples (Malus domestica) are rich in a diverse array of bioactive compounds, particularly concentrated in the peel and flesh, making them one of the most scientifically examined fruits. These compounds include polyphenols, triterpenoids, dietary fibers, and essential vitamins. Their biological functions span antioxidant activity, inflammation modulation, metabolic regulation, and cellular protection.
- Polyphenols (e.g. Quercetin, Catechin, Chlorogenic Acid): Principal antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, inhibit NF-κB-driven inflammation, and reduce lipid peroxidation. Quercetin supports glycemic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity, while chlorogenic acid is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic benefits.
- Dihydrochalcones (e.g. Phloridzin): Unique to apples, these compounds inhibit intestinal glucose transporters (e.g. SGLT1), thereby modulating postprandial glucose uptake and potentially influencing lipid storage and adipogenesis.
- Anthocyanins (in red apple varieties): Natural pigments with reported osteogenic potential, shown to promote osteoblast activity and support bone matrix mineralization in cellular models.
- Triterpenoids (e.g. Ursolic Acid, Oleanolic Acid): Found mainly in apple peel, these compounds activate the Nrf2 pathway to boost endogenous antioxidant defenses and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Vitamins and Micronutrients (e.g. Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Folate): These nutrients reinforce antioxidant defense systems, aid in collagen synthesis, and support immune modulation, often working synergistically with polyphenolic compounds.
What Are Apple-Derived Exosomes?
Apple-derived exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles naturally secreted by apple (Malus domestica) cells. These vesicles carry bioactive molecules and have been studied for their roles in intercellular communication and cross-species regulation. Key features of apple-derived exosomes include:
- Size and structure: Typically 80 to 250 nanometers in diameter, spherical in shape, and negatively charged.
- Isolation methods: Commonly extracted using differential centrifugation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation.
- Molecular content: Rich in plant microRNAs, lipids (mainly glycerophospholipids), proteins, and small metabolites.
- Notable miRNAs: Frequently include mdm-miR482a-5p and mdm-miR396, among others.
- Biological activity: Can be efficiently taken up by mammalian cells, where they may modulate cellular signaling and gene expression.
These characteristics make apple-derived exosomes promising natural carriers for studying molecular transport and plant-to-animal communication in research settings.
-1.png)
Characterization of Apple-Derived Nanovesicles (ADNVs). (A) Size distribution profile of isolated ADNVs analyzed by tunable resistive pulse sensing (qNano), showing an average diameter of 152 ± 32.3 nm. (B) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image illustrating the uniform, round morphology of ADNVs with diameters ranging from 80 to 250 nm. (Trentini M, et al., 2022)
Advantages of Apple-Derived Exosomes
Apple-derived exosomes combine natural origin, functional activity, and delivery potential, offering unique advantages in research applications.
- Biocompatibility and Safety: They show no cytotoxicity in tested cell lines and exhibit low immunogenicity due to their plant origin, reducing the risk of immune-related interference.
- Functional Bioactivity: These vesicles possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, regulate key signaling pathways such as NF-κB and JNK, and promote anti-aging responses by enhancing collagen synthesis and reducing matrix degradation.
- Delivery Capability: They naturally avoid rapid clearance, support targeted transport through surface protein engineering, and efficiently carry small molecules, RNAs, or proteins.
- Stability and Permeability: Apple-derived exosomes are stable in serum and demonstrate strong skin permeability, making them suitable for both systemic and topical delivery research.
Potential Applications of Apple Exosomes
Inflammation and Immune Modulation
Exosomes from apples have been shown to suppress inflammatory signaling by downregulating the NF-κB pathway and reducing cytokine expression. In macrophage models, apple-derived miR-146 promoted an anti-inflammatory phenotype, indicating potential for studying chronic inflammation mechanisms and immune regulation in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Skin Regeneration and Anti-Aging
Research in dermal fibroblast models indicates that apple exosomes can enhance collagen type I production while inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases, supporting their application in skin aging studies. Their integration with hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels has been explored to promote skin repair and support wound healing through fibroblast activation and enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis.
Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery
Due to their stability and biocompatibility, apple-derived exosomes are being investigated as natural delivery vehicles. They can be engineered to carry therapeutic cargos such as siRNA, small molecules, or photosensitizers like ICG, showing promise in targeted cancer therapy and gene silencing studies.
Intestinal Function and Gut Health
Several studies have confirmed the regulatory role of apple-derived exosomes on intestinal transport proteins, such as OATP2B1 and ASBT/SLC10A2. These effects are mediated by specific plant miRNAs, suggesting a potential role in nutrient absorption, bile acid transport, and microbiota-related disease models.
References
- Fujita D, Arai T, Komori H, et al. Apple-derived nanoparticles modulate expression of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 in Caco-2 cells. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2018, 15(12): 5772-5780.
- Komori H, Fujita D, Shirasaki Y, et al. MicroRNAs in Apple-Derived Nanoparticles Modulate Intestinal Expression of Organic Anion–Transporting Peptide 2B1/SLCO2B1 in Caco-2 Cells. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2021, 49(9): 803-809.
- Trentini M, Zanotti F, Tiengo E, et al. An apple a day keeps the doctor away: potential role of miRNA 146 on macrophages treated with exosomes derived from apples. Biomedicines. 2022, 10(2): 415.
- Trentini M, Zanolla I, Zanotti F, et al. Apple derived exosomes improve collagen type I production and decrease MMPs during aging of the skin through downregulation of the NF-κB pathway as mode of action. Cells. 2022, 11(24): 3950.
- Usui S, Zhu Q, Komori H, et al. Apple-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the expression of human intestinal bile acid transporter ASBT/SLC10A2 via downregulation of transcription factor RARα. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 2023, 52: 100512.
- Sim Y, Seo H J, Kim D, et al. The effect of apple-derived nanovesicles on the osteoblastogenesis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2023, 26(1): 49-58.
- Ferroni L, Rubini A, Bargellini P, et al. Apple vescicles: Revolutionary gut microbiota treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Food Bioscience. 2024, 62: 105052.
Case Study
Case Study 1: Apple-Derived Nanovesicles Promote Collagen Synthesis and Suppress Inflammatory Pathways in Skin Aging Models (Trentini M, 2022)
A study explored the effects of apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) on human dermal fibroblasts under inflammatory stress. ADNVs were safely internalized without affecting cell viability and significantly enhanced the expression of collagen-related genes (COL3A1, COL1A2), while reducing the expression of MMP1, MMP8, and MMP9, enzymes associated with matrix degradation.
RNA sequencing revealed that ADNVs downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway in TNFα-induced fibroblasts. Oxidative stress was alleviated, with a 5% reduction in ROS-positive cells compared to untreated controls.
When formulated into hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and MeHA patches, ADNVs demonstrated stable release profiles. These results highlight ADNVs’ dual potential in supporting extracellular matrix restoration and modulating inflammation for skin aging research.
-2.png)
Figure 1. Cytotoxicity and migration analysis of ADNVs. (A) MTT assay of NCTC L929 fibroblasts treated with or without ADNVs shows no significant change in cell viability. (B) Scratch assay of untreated cells over 12 h indicating normal migration. (C) Migration delay observed in TNFα-treated cells, with no notable difference between ADNV-treated and control groups. -3.png)
Figure 2. Transcriptomic impact of ADNVs on dermal fibroblasts with or without TNFα. (A, B) Volcano plots showing gene expression changes in dermal fibroblasts cultured with (A) or without (B) TNFα. Each plot compares control (no ADNVs) versus ADNV-treated conditions. The ten most significantly altered genes by fold change and statistical relevance are highlighted. Case Study 2: Immunomodulatory Effects of Apple-Derived Exosomes on Macrophages (Trentini M, 2022)
A study evaluated the immunoregulatory effects of apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) on THP-1-derived macrophages. The nanovesicles, with an average diameter of 152 nm, were efficiently internalized by macrophages and fibroblasts without inducing cytotoxicity, as confirmed by stable LDH release and enhanced mitochondrial activity.
Following ADNV treatment, macrophages adopted an elongated morphology typical of the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. This shift was supported by reduced gene expression of IL-1β and IL-8. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of regulatory microRNAs including miR-146a-5p, miR-125a-3p, and miR-30a-5p, which are known to suppress NF-κB pathway activation.
These results suggest that ADNVs promote macrophage polarization and suppress inflammation through miRNA-mediated signaling, positioning them as a promising natural tool for immune modulation research.
-4.png)
Figure 1. Cellular uptake and immunomodulatory effects of ADNVs on THP-1 macrophages and fibroblasts. (A) Fluorescence microscopy shows internalization of red-stained ADNVs by green-stained THP-1-derived macrophages and fibroblasts (FU). (B) SEM images depict morphological differences between M0 macrophages, control, and ADNV-treated cells, indicating phenotype changes. (C) Immunofluorescence staining shows macrophage cytoskeleton (green), nuclei (blue), and M1 markers iNOS and CD68 (red), confirming uptake and activation. -5.png)
Figure 2. miRNA network modulation and cytokine expression in cells treated with ADNVs. (A) miRNA-target gene interaction network generated by miRNet software; key miRNAs and metabolic pathway genes are color-coded. (B) Overlapping target genes of miR-146a-5p, miR-125a-3p, and miR-30a-5p visualized in a shared network. (C) Heatmap showing expression profiles of differentially expressed miRNAs in control vs. ADNV-treated THP-1 cells over 48 h. (D, E) RT-qPCR results of IL-1β and IL-8 expression in THP-1 (D) and fibroblasts with/without TNFα stimulation (E). References
- Trentini M, Zanolla I, Zanotti F, et al. Apple derived exosomes improve collagen type I production and decrease MMPs during aging of the skin through downregulation of the NF-κB pathway as mode of action. Cells. 2022, 11(24): 3950.
- Trentini M, Zanotti F, Tiengo E, et al. An apple a day keeps the doctor away: potential role of miRNA 146 on macrophages treated with exosomes derived from apples. Biomedicines. 2022, 10(2): 415.