PNExo™ Exosome-Cistanche deserticola(PNE-HCD18)

Bioactive Components and Effects of Cistanche deserticola

Cistanche deserticola, a parasitic plant, is well-known for its historical use in traditional medicine. In recent years, scientific studies indicate that Cistanche deserticola is rich in a variety of biologically active compounds. Among these, phenylethanoid glycosides, such as echinacoside and acteoside, are considered some of the main active constituents. In addition, polysaccharides, flavonoids, lignans, and alkaloids are also present in Cistanche deserticola and contribute to its biological activities. Based on this complex composition, literature studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola extracts and isolated compounds exhibit multiple potential biological effects. These effects include:

• Antioxidant Activity: Components like phenylethanoid glycosides may reduce oxidative stress damage through mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, as demonstrated in cell and animal model studies.
• Anti-inflammatory Effects: Research suggests that active components from Cistanche deserticola may exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways, such as inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• Immunomodulatory Potential: Some studies have investigated the effects of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides and other components on immune cell function, indicating their potential to modulate the body's immune responses.
• Neuroprotective Research: Particularly phenylethanoid glycosides have shown a tendency to protect nerve cells and improve learning and memory capabilities in in vitro and animal models, which may be related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

What are Cistanche deserticola Exosomes?

Exosomes are nano-sized (30-150 nm) membrane vesicles involved in intercellular communication by transporting various biomolecules. Recently, plant-derived nanovesicles, also referred to as exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs), have garnered significant research interest as potential natural carriers. Cistanche deserticola exosomes refer to the nano-sized vesicles isolated and extracted from Cistanche deserticola plant tissues that possess characteristics similar to exosomes. These vesicles inherit the natural properties of plant cells and may encapsulate bioactive substances inherent to Cistanche deserticola itself. Preliminary research on these plant-derived vesicles indicates that they exhibit certain stability and biocompatibility, with a size range similar to that of exosomes derived from mammalian cells. As naturally occurring nanostructures, Cistanche deserticola exosomes offer a new perspective for exploring the biological functions of plant-sourced materials.

Antifatigue Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds from Cistanche deserticola. (A) Boost energy metabolism by increasing ATP and glycogen while reducing fatigue markers. (B) Alleviate oxidative stress via ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzyme activation. (C) Enhance blood flow through NO-mediated vascular support. (D) Regulate the nervous system by modulating dopamine and cortisol via MAO inhibition. (Liu X, et al., 2025)

Potential Applications of Cistanche deserticola Exosomes

Based on the various biological activities of Cistanche deserticola itself and the characteristics of exosomes as natural nanocarriers, exosomes isolated from Cistanche deserticola show potential application prospects in several research fields:

• Potential Skincare Benefits of Cistanche deserticola Exosomes

  Building upon the traditional use of Cistanche deserticola and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Cistanche deserticola exosomes also show potential in in vitro skincare research. Their effects on skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes, fibroblasts) can be investigated to explore their mechanisms of action in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, or promoting cell viability, providing a research foundation for the development of new skincare ingredients. 1. Anti-Aging and Skin Repair Cistanche deserticola extracts have been shown to inhibit collagenase and elastase, reducing wrinkle formation and delaying photoaging via antioxidant mechanisms. Exosomes may further enhance these effects by delivering phenylethanoid glycosides and polysaccharides directly to skin cells, where they reduce ROS levels, activate the NRF2 pathway, and support keratinocyte function to strengthen the epidermal barrier. 2. Brightening Potential Cistanche deserticola extracts significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity (up to 78.5%), thereby reducing melanin production. Exosomes may improve efficacy by facilitating targeted delivery of bioactives to melanocytes and modulating pigmentation-related pathways such as MITF signaling.

• Biomedical Insights into Cistanche deserticola Exosomes

  Cistanche deserticola exosomes offer a novel tool for studying plant-derived nanovesicle interactions with biological systems. They are being investigated for their potential to replicate or enhance the effects associated with Cistanche deserticola extracts and their active constituents. 1. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms Building on evidence that compounds such as phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) and polysaccharides exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity—through free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and modulation of NRF2/HO-1, NF-κB, TLR4, and cytokine pathways—research is exploring whether these effects can be reproduced or enhanced via exosomal delivery. Such studies often focus on oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in cell and animal models relevant to chronic inflammation, including neurodegeneration and tissue injury. 2. Neuroprotection and Cognitive Support Drawing from studies in which Cistanche deserticola extracts have shown potential benefits in neurodegenerative models (e.g., reducing oxidative stress markers like MDA, increasing synaptic proteins such as PSD-95), exosome-based research is investigating their capacity to influence neural cell function and deliver neuroactive molecules. Particular interest lies in their ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, a key consideration in central nervous system drug delivery. 3. Immunomodulation and Anti-fatigue Potential Prior findings suggest that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides can activate immune responses (e.g., via TLR4 signaling in dendritic cells) and that PhGs may support metabolic endurance (e.g., through AMPK activation). Current studies explore whether exosomes can similarly engage immune pathways or metabolic regulators, with potential applications as natural carriers for targeted delivery in immune or energy-related research.

• Drug Delivery Potential of Cistanche deserticola Exosomes

  Given that exosomes, as naturally secreted vesicles, possess good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, Cistanche deserticola exosomes are considered potential candidates for drug delivery research. Studies can explore the use of these plant vesicles for encapsulating and delivering small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, or other therapeutic molecules, investigating their efficiency in cellular uptake, targeting ability, and distribution in vivo, providing insights for the development of novel delivery systems.

References

1. Yang W T, Kim K S, Kwon Y S, et al. Whitening and anti-aging effects of Cistanche deserticola extract. Journal of Plant Biotechnology. 2016, 43(4): 492-499. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2016.43.4.492
2. Wang F, Li R, Tu P, et al. Total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola promote neurological function recovery by inducing neurovascular regeneration via Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway in MCAO/R rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020, 11: 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00236
3. Zhou S, Feng D, Zhou Y, et al. Analysis of the active ingredients and health applications of cistanche. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023, 10: 1101182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1101182
4. Takaya K, Asou T, Kishi K. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide reduces inflammation and aging phenotypes in the dermal fibroblasts through the activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023, 24(21): 15704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115704
5. Liu X, Yang Z, Han M, et al. Bioactive Components, Pharmacological Properties, and Applications of Cistanche deserticola YC Ma: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2025, 17(9): 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091501

Case Study 1: Effects of Cistanche deserticola Polysaccharides on Skin Fibroblast Aging and Inflammation (Takaya K, 2023)

A recent in vitro study examined the effects of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (CDP) on aging and inflammation in human dermal fibroblasts. CDP treatment enhanced cell proliferation, reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells, and suppressed SASP factor expression. It also decreased intracellular ROS levels, alleviating oxidative stress via activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. These results suggest that CDP may help maintain dermal fibroblast function during aging and support further research into Cistanche deserticola-derived materials, including exosomes, for non-clinical applications.

Figure 1. Protective and Regenerative Effects of CDP on Senescent NHDFs. (A–B) CDP improves viability in senescent but not young NHDFs. (C–D) CDP reduces LDH release in senescent NHDFs. (E) CDP enhances proliferation in aged cells. (F) ROS generation is decreased by CDP. (G) CDP protects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. *p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Anti-Aging Effects of CDP on Senescent NHDFs. (A) CDP reduces SA-β-galactosidase-positive cells in senescent NHDFs. (B) CDP decreases p16 and restores SIRT1 expression. (C) CDP suppresses SASP-related gene expression, including IL1A, IL6, MMP3, MMP9, and TNF-α.

Case Study 2: Neurovascular Effects of Cistanche deserticola Glycosides (Wang F, 2020)

An in vivo study investigated active components of Cistanche deserticola in a model of ischemic injury. Total glycosides (TGs) showed significant neuroprotective effects, unlike PSs and OSs. TG treatment in MCAO/R rats reduced neurological deficit scores and infarct volume, while promoting angiogenesis, neural remodeling, and maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Antioxidant effects were also observed, likely mediated via Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway activation. These findings support the neurovascular benefits of glycosides and offer a scientific basis for further exploration of Cistanche deserticola-derived materials, including exosomes, in biomedical research.

Figure 1. Total Glycosides Attenuate Brain Damage After Cerebral Ischemia. (A) TGs improve body weight in MCAO/R rats. (B) TGs reduce neurological deficit scores at day 14. (C–D) TTC-stained brain sections show reduced infarct areas in the TGs group compared to the model group. *P < 0.05 vs. NOR, #P < 0.05 vs. MOD.

Figure 2. Total Glycosides Alleviate Neuronal Injury After Ischemia-Reperfusion. (A) Nissl staining shows more intact neurons in the TGs group compared to the MOD group. Normal neurons appear with clear structure (red arrow); damaged neurons are shrunken and darkly stained (yellow arrow). Groups: NOR, MOD, EDI, TGs, PSs, OSs. (B) Quantification of intact neurons in the ischemic penumbra at day 14. *P < 0.05 vs. NOR, #P < 0.05 vs. MOD.

References

1. Takaya K, Asou T, Kishi K. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide reduces inflammation and aging phenotypes in the dermal fibroblasts through the activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023, 24(21): 15704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115704
2. Wang F, Li R, Tu P, et al. Total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola promote neurological function recovery by inducing neurovascular regeneration via Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway in MCAO/R rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020, 11: 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00236

• Are the exosomes characterized for size and morphology?

  Yes, exosomes are thoroughly characterized via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) for size distribution and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology.

• What are the key bioactive components in Cistanche deserticola exosomes?

  They are enriched with functional microRNAs, proteins, and lipids involved in antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and cellular regulation.

• Are Cistanche deserticola exosomes suitable for cosmetic formulation development?

  Yes, the exosomes derived from Cistanche deserticola are plant-based, non-immunogenic, and have shown skin-related bioactivities. Their nanoscale size ensures good skin penetration, and they remain stable under standard formulation conditions. We also provide supporting characterization data to assist in formulation development.

• Can PNExo™ Exosome-Cistanche deserticola be used in DIY formulations?

  No. This product is intended solely for research and industrial manufacturing purposes. It is not approved for food or cosmetic DIY applications. Any unauthorized use is undertaken at the user's own risk.

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