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The determination of the secondary and tertiary structure of biomolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, is essential for the investigation of biomolecules' functions in their native, biologically active conformation. Circular dichroism (CD) is a powerful tool for understanding the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, nucleic acids, as well as protein-ligand complexes. It can also characterize the binding interactions of non-immobilized molecules in the solution.
As an efficient method for secondary structure determination, CD has been widely used for characterization of protein structures. Specifically, when the amides chromophores on protein polypeptide backbone are aligned in arrays, their optical transitions are shifted or split into multiple transitions, as a result of 'exciton' interactions. Therefore, different structural elements present specific CD spectra. The protein aromatic chromophores, which have bands in the near UV region, are often in asymmetric environments and can be used to examine whether mutations change the tertiary structure of proteins. In addition, when chromophore ligands bind to target proteins, they may develop strong extrinsic CD bands that could also be used to detect binding.
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