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Product Summary
Source
Exosome derived from Mushroom
Product Overview
Plant exosomes are nanosized (30-150 nm) membrane vesicles that contain biomolecules. Plant-derived exosomes refer to naturally occurring nanoparticles derived from plants that contain bioactive molecules and proteins. These exosomes have been shown to have multiple benefits in a variety of applications, such as skincare, drug delivery, and biomedicine. Plant-derived exosomes have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties, making them an attractive option for the development of new and innovative therapies. Plant-derived natural substances are widely used as cosmeceutical materials because they exert beneficial effects on the human skin, such as antiaging, moisturizing, whitening, regeneration, and nutritional supply. Besides, they could delivery therapeutic compounds to target cells, potentially revolutionizing the way in which drugs are administered. Overall, plant-derived exosomes hold great promise for a wide range of applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology.
PNExo™ is focused on the production and delivery of high quality plant-derived exosomes products. Exosomes are important tools of intercellular communication with a variety of biological functions, including cell regeneration and immune regulation. PNExo™ products undergo a rigorous screening and purification process that guarantees their high purity and activity. Lyophilization is useful for a long-term storage at 4°C, and frozen liquid should be kept at -20°C to -80°C. Ultracentrifugation and precipitation techniques are mainly used in exosome Isolation. It had been reported that both methods yielded extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes and included apoproteins, which can be used in downstream analyses. Creative Biostructure PNExo™ exosome products guarantee higher purity and quality to meet our customer research.
Form
Lyophilized powder
Concentration
> 1x10^6 particles
Storage
Lyophilized powder store at 4 °C. Frozen liquid store at -20°C to -80°C. Recommended to avoid repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution
Reconstitute lyophilized exosome by adding deionized water for a desired final concentration. Centrifuge before opening to ensure exosomes are at bottom, resuspend exosomes by pipetting and/or vortex, please avoid bubbles. Centrifuge again and mix well for using.
Scientific Background
The Benefits of Mushrooms
- Polysaccharides: Key components include polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans, which are known for their immune-modulating effects. Beta-glucans stimulate the immune system by enhancing the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells, providing a defense against infections and possibly even cancer.
- Ergothioneine: Another crucial component is ergothioneine, an antioxidant amino acid found abundantly in mushrooms. Ergothioneine helps reduce oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage and slowing down the aging process.
- Triterpenoids: Another class of bioactives found predominantly in Reishi and Chaga mushrooms, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. These compounds can help reduce inflammation, combat oxidative stress, and even inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
- Phenolic Compounds: These compounds in mushrooms offer potent antioxidant effects. They neutralize harmful free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and thereby lowering the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.
- Additionally, mushrooms are rich in vitamins such as B vitamins and vitamin D2, which support metabolic function and bone health, respectively. Mushrooms also contain a variety of minerals, including selenium, potassium, and copper, which are essential for maintaining overall health.
What Are Mushroom-Derived Exosomes?
Mushroom-derived exosomes share similar structural features with their mammalian counterparts. They consist of a lipid bilayer that encases a cargo of bioactive compounds. These include polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids such as mRNA and miRNA.
The bioactive cargo within mushroom-derived exosomes is what truly sets them apart. These vesicles carry a concentrated version of the mushroom’s beneficial compounds. For example, the exosomes from Reishi mushrooms might be loaded with triterpenoids, while those from Shiitake could be rich in beta-glucans.
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Shiitake exosomes' protective effect on acute liver injury in mice induced by D-Galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. (Liu B, et al., 2020)Applications of Mushroom-Derived Exosomes
Medical Applications of Mushroom-Derived Exosomes
One of the most promising areas is in medical therapeutics. Mushroom-derived exosomes could serve as natural, non-toxic drug delivery systems. Their small size allows them to navigate through the human body with ease, making them effective carriers of therapeutic agents.
For instance, these exosomes can be engineered to deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to tumor cells, thereby increasing the efficacy of the treatment while reducing side effects. Similarly, their immune-modulating properties make them potential candidates for treating autoimmune diseases and boosting overall immunity.Mushroom-Derived Exosomes in Skin Care and Cosmetic Industry
In the realm of beauty and skincare, mushroom-derived exosomes are making waves. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can contribute to healthier, more youthful skin. Skincare products infused with these exosomes could offer benefits such as enhanced skin hydration, reduced inflammation, and even skin regeneration.
Nutritional Supplements
Mushroom-derived exosomes can also be incorporated into dietary supplements. Given their ability to encapsulate and protect bioactive compounds, these exosomes can enhance the bioavailability of nutrients, ensuring that our bodies absorb them more efficiently.
Agricultural Uses
Lastly, mushroom-derived exosomes could have applications in agriculture. They can be used to deliver natural pesticides or fertilizers, promoting sustainable farming practices. Their biocompatibility and non-toxic nature make them safe for the environment, offering a green alternative to chemical treatments.
References
- Liu B, Lu Y, Chen X, et al. Protective role of shiitake mushroom-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice. Nutrients. 2020. 12(2): 477.
- Ling Y, Li X, Gao H, et al. Biyang floral mushroom-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: characterization, absorption stability and ionizing radiation protection. Food & Function. 2024.
Case Study
Case study 1: Lu Y, 2019
A recent study has unveiled the potential of shiitake-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (S-ELNs) as novel therapeutic agents that exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on NLRP3 inflammasome activation, a critical pathway implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Through meticulous experimentation and analysis, the study demonstrated that S-ELNs, containing a complex mixture of RNAs, proteins, and lipids, could suppress the NLRP3 inflammasome's response to diverse stimuli, thereby reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β. The identification of bioactive lipids within S-ELNs as key players in this process presents a promising avenue for future research and the development of targeted treatments for chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Figure 1. Mushroom-derived ELNs suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome's caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β release. Macrophages were pre-treated with ELNs from various mushrooms for 16 hours, followed by LPS for 3 hours, and then FFA for 12 hours. The levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β were assessed by western blot and ELISA. Tubulin served as a loading control, and statistical significance was indicated by * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01. The treated groups (ELNs+LPS+FFA, white bars) are contrasted with the untreated control (LPS+FFA, black bar). The mushrooms tested include: A. White beach mushroom, B. Brown beach mushroom, C. King mushroom, D. White common mushroom, E. Brown common mushroom, and F. Shiitake mushroom.-3.png)
Figure 2. S-ELNs inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by diverse stimuli.
A. Alum-induced NLRP3 was suppressed by S-ELNs in LPS-primed BMDMs followed by 5h Alum exposure.
B. Nigericin-induced NLRP3 was inhibited by S-ELNs in LPS-primed BMDMs after 30 min nigericin treatment.
C. ATP-induced NLRP3 was mitigated by S-ELNs in LPS-primed BMDMs post 30 min ATP exposure.
Tubulin served as a loading reference. Statistical significance indicated by * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, comparing treated (S-ELNs+LPS+stimuli, white bar) with control (LPS+stimuli, black bar).Case study 2: Liu B, 2020
Researchers have discovered that exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) derived from shiitake mushrooms possess significant anti-inflammatory properties, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). It was found that these nanoparticles, designated as S-ELNs, effectively inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a critical component in the inflammatory response associated with FHF. The research involved the extraction and characterization of ELNs from seven common edible mushrooms, with shiitake-derived ELNs demonstrating the ability to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduce the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6). In an experimental model, mice pre-treated with S-ELNs exhibited reduced liver damage when subjected to D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury, indicative of the protective role of S-ELNs in liver pathology.
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Figure 1. Characterization of mushroom-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs).
(A) Comparative sizes of ELNs from various mushroom species.
(B) Comparative yields of ELNs from different mushrooms.
(C) SEM images of shiitake mushroom ELNs at two magnifications: 20,000× (main) and 50,000× (inset).
(D) RNA size determination from ELNs using agarose gel electrophoresis, with and without RNase treatment.
(E) Protein composition of ELNs visualized by Coomassie blue staining on Bis-Tris gels.
(F) Lipid profile of ELNs revealed by TLC, with lipids detected using a CuSO4 solution.-5.png)
Figure 2. S-ELNs inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and cytokine release.
(A) IL-1β levels after S-ELNs pre-treatment and LPS+FFA activation.
(B) IL-18 levels under the same conditions.
(C) LDH release as a measure of cell damage.
(D) IL-6 levels following S-ELNs and LPS+FFA exposure.
(E) TNFα levels in response to the same stimuli.
(F) Immunoblot detection of Casp1 p10 in lysates from cells activated by LPS+FFA or LPS+DNA.References
- Lu Y. Inhibitory effects of Shiitake-derived exosome-like nanoparticles on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. 2019.
- Liu B, Lu Y, Chen X, et al. Protective role of shiitake mushroom-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice. Nutrients. 2020. 12(2): 477.