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Product Summary
Source
Exosome derived from Bitter gourd
Product Overview
Plant exosomes are nanosized (30-150 nm) membrane vesicles that contain biomolecules. Plant-derived exosomes refer to naturally occurring nanoparticles derived from plants that contain bioactive molecules and proteins. These exosomes have been shown to have multiple benefits in a variety of applications, such as skincare, drug delivery, and biomedicine. Plant-derived exosomes have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties, making them an attractive option for the development of new and innovative therapies. Plant-derived natural substances are widely used as cosmeceutical materials because they exert beneficial effects on the human skin, such as antiaging, moisturizing, whitening, regeneration, and nutritional supply. Besides, they could delivery therapeutic compounds to target cells, potentially revolutionizing the way in which drugs are administered. Overall, plant-derived exosomes hold great promise for a wide range of applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology.
PNExo™ is focused on the production and delivery of high quality plant-derived exosomes products. Exosomes are important tools of intercellular communication with a variety of biological functions, including cell regeneration and immune regulation. PNExo™ products undergo a rigorous screening and purification process that guarantees their high purity and activity. Lyophilization is useful for a long-term storage at 4°C, and frozen liquid should be kept at -20°C to -80°C. Ultracentrifugation and precipitation techniques are mainly used in exosome Isolation. It had been reported that both methods yielded extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes and included apoproteins, which can be used in downstream analyses. Creative Biostructure PNExo™ exosome products guarantee higher purity and quality to meet our customer research.
Form
Lyophilized powder
Concentration
> 1x10^6 particles
Storage
Lyophilized powder store at 4 °C. Frozen liquid store at -20°C to -80°C. Recommended to avoid repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution
Reconstitute lyophilized exosome by adding deionized water for a desired final concentration. Centrifuge before opening to ensure exosomes are at bottom, resuspend exosomes by pipetting and/or vortex, please avoid bubbles. Centrifuge again and mix well for using.
Scientific Background
Main Active Components in Bitter Melon and Their Effects
Bitter melon (Bitter gourd), also known as Momordica charantia, has been celebrated for its medicinal properties for centuries. This fruit, native to tropical and subtropical regions, particularly of Asia and Africa, is rich in bioactive compounds that offer a gamut of health benefits.
- Momordicin: This bioactive compound is known for its anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. It helps in regulating blood sugar levels and has shown promise in managing diabetes.
- Charantin: Charantin is a potent hypoglycemic agent found in bitter melon. It aids in lowering blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity, making it beneficial for diabetic patients.
- Polypeptide-p: Also known as plant insulin, this compound mimics insulin’s effects in the body, thus playing a significant role in diabetes management.
- Vicine: Vicine possesses antioxidant properties, helping to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Lutein and Lycopene: These carotenoids contribute to the antioxidant activity of bitter melon, protecting cells from oxidative damage and supporting overall cellular health.
What Are Bitter Melon-Derived Exosomes?
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by various cell types, including those in plants like bitter melon. These vesicles are loaded with a variety of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and microRNA, which can influence recipient cells and modulate various physiological processes.
Components of Bitter Melon-Derived Exosomes:
- Proteins: These include enzymes and other proteins involved in cellular processes, contributing to the exosomes' therapeutic effects.
- Lipids: Lipids in exosomes help maintain their structure and facilitate the delivery of their contents to target cells.
- RNA: Exosomes carry various types of RNA, including mRNA and microRNA, which can regulate gene expression in recipient cells.
- Antioxidants: These components help in reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage.
Applications of Bitter Melon-Derived Exosomes
1. Enhancing Chemotherapy Efficacy: Bitter melon-derived exosomes have been found to enhance the therapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug, against oral squamous cell carcinoma. They achieve this by suppressing the NLRP3 pathway, regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and reducing drug resistance, thereby improving the overall efficacy of the treatment.
2. Neuroprotection in Brain Injury: In cases of ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury, bitter melon-derived exosomes have demonstrated the ability to mitigate blood-brain barrier disruption. They inhibit matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression, activate the AKT/GSK3β pathway, and reduce neuronal apoptosis, leading to improved outcomes in brain injury recovery.
3. Cardioprotection from Radiation Injury: Bitter melon-derived exosomes protect cardiomyocytes from radiation-induced damage. They achieve this by reducing DNA damage, improving mitochondrial function, and restoring ROS-related protein phosphorylation levels, thus safeguarding heart cells from radiation injury.
4. Anticancer Effects: The anticancer potential of bitter melon-derived exosomes is notable in breast cancer therapy. These exosomes promote ROS production and disrupt mitochondrial function in breast cancer cells, leading to significant anticancer effects and showcasing their potential in tumor therapy.
5. Ulcerative Colitis Recovery: Bitter melon-derived exosomes play a crucial role in the recovery from ulcerative colitis by modulating oxidative and inflammatory factors. Their remarkable antioxidant activity helps in reducing inflammation and promoting healing in the gut.
References
- Yang M, Luo Q, Chen X, et al. Bitter melon derived extracellular vesicles enhance the therapeutic effects and reduce the drug resistance of 5-fluorouracil on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021. 19(1): 259.
- Cai H, Huang L Y, Hong R, et al. Momordica charantia exosome-like nanoparticles exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 and activating the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022. 13: 908830.
- Cui W W, Ye C, Wang K X, et al. Momordica. charantia-derived extracellular vesicles-like nanovesicles protect cardiomyocytes against radiation injury via attenuating DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022. 9: 864188.
- Feng T, Wan Y, Dai B, et al. Anticancer activity of bitter melon-derived vesicles extract against breast cancer. Cells. 2023. 12(6): 824.
- Wang F, Yuan M, Shao C, et al. Momordica charantia-derived extracellular vesicles provide antioxidant protection in ulcerative colitis. Molecules. 2023. 28(17): 6182.
Case Study
Case study 1: Cui W W, 2022
Researchers have discovered that nanovesicles derived from Momordica charantia can protect cardiomyocytes from radiation-induced injury. It was found that these extracellular vesicle-like nanovesicles (MCELNs) effectively mitigated DNA damage and restored mitochondrial function in irradiated H9C2 cells, a rat cardiomyocyte cell line. The research demonstrated that MCELNs, when administered to a thoracic radiation mouse model, reduced myocardial injury and fibrosis, suggesting their potential as a novel therapeutic agent for radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD).
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Figure 1. Illustration of the in vivo protective impact of extracellular nanovesicles derived from Momordica charantia (referred to as MCELNs) following exposure to radiation. The extent of cardiac fibrosis in mice was assessed using Masson trichrome staining. Intraperitoneal administration was indicated by the abbreviation 'i.p.' For the statistical analysis, the significance of differences was determined using a one-way ANOVA, complemented by post-hoc analysis with the Tukey's test to compare multiple groups. The significance of repeated measures of body weight in mice over time was evaluated using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.Case study 2: Feng T, 2023
Researchers have conducted a study on the anticancer properties of an extract derived from bitter melon vesicles (BMVE) against breast cancer cells. Utilizing ultracentrifugation, they isolated BMVE with a characteristic "cup-shaped" structure and a size of approximately 147 nm from bitter melon juice. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that BMVE could be efficiently internalized by 4T1 breast cancer cells, exhibiting significant anti-proliferative and migration-inhibiting effects, as well as inducing apoptosis through the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the disruption of mitochondrial function. In vivo studies using a 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer confirmed that BMVE could substantially inhibit tumor growth with negligible adverse effects.
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Figure 1. Assessment of the in vivo therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of the extract from BMVE on tumor models. (a) A visual representation detailing the step-by-step procedure of the animal treatment regimen. (b) Quantitative data illustrating the comparative tumor volumes between the untreated and BMVE-administered mouse cohorts. (c) Representative histopathological images depicting 4T1 tumors. (d) Comparative analysis of tumor mass between the control and BMVE-treated groups, with average weight and standard deviation, *** p < 0.001, n = 4. (e) Histological evaluation through H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and Ki67 immunostaining of tumor sections from both control and BMVE-treated mice (scale bar = 50 μm). (f) Body weight tracking of mice in the untreated and BMVE-treated groups. (g) Histological examination of major organs from both control and BMVE-treated mice, indicating no adverse effects (scale bar = 50 μm).References
- Cui W W, Ye C, Wang K X, et al. Momordica. charantia-derived extracellular vesicles-like nanovesicles protect cardiomyocytes against radiation injury via attenuating DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022. 9: 864188.
- Feng T, Wan Y, Dai B, et al. Anticancer activity of bitter melon-derived vesicles extract against breast cancer. Cells. 2023. 12(6): 824.