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Product Summary
Source
Exosome derived from Cabbage
Product Overview
Plant exosomes are nanosized (30-150 nm) membrane vesicles that contain biomolecules. Plant-derived exosomes refer to naturally occurring nanoparticles derived from plants that contain bioactive molecules and proteins. These exosomes have been shown to have multiple benefits in a variety of applications, such as skincare, drug delivery, and biomedicine. Plant-derived exosomes have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties, making them an attractive option for the development of new and innovative therapies. Plant-derived natural substances are widely used as cosmeceutical materials because they exert beneficial effects on the human skin, such as antiaging, moisturizing, whitening, regeneration, and nutritional supply. Besides, they could delivery therapeutic compounds to target cells, potentially revolutionizing the way in which drugs are administered. Overall, plant-derived exosomes hold great promise for a wide range of applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology.
PNExo™ is focused on the production and delivery of high quality plant-derived exosomes products. Exosomes are important tools of intercellular communication with a variety of biological functions, including cell regeneration and immune regulation. PNExo™ products undergo a rigorous screening and purification process that guarantees their high purity and activity. Lyophilization is useful for a long-term storage at 4°C, and frozen liquid should be kept at -20°C to -80°C. Ultracentrifugation and precipitation techniques are mainly used in exosome Isolation. It had been reported that both methods yielded extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes and included apoproteins, which can be used in downstream analyses. Creative Biostructure PNExo™ exosome products guarantee higher purity and quality to meet our customer research.
Form
Lyophilized powder
Concentration
> 1x10^6 particles
Storage
Lyophilized powder store at 4 °C. Frozen liquid store at -20°C to -80°C. Recommended to avoid repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution
Reconstitute lyophilized exosome by adding deionized water for a desired final concentration. Centrifuge before opening to ensure exosomes are at bottom, resuspend exosomes by pipetting and/or vortex, please avoid bubbles. Centrifuge again and mix well for using.
Scientific Background
Active Compounds in Cabbage and Their Impacts
Cabbage, a cruciferous vegetable, is widely recognized for its numerous health benefits attributed to its rich composition of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Key active components in cabbage include glucosinolates, flavonoids, and vitamins C and K. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.
- Glucosinolates: These sulfur-containing compounds are converted into isothiocyanates during digestion, which have been shown to inhibit the development and progression of cancer. They play a crucial role in detoxifying carcinogens and enhancing the immune response.
- Flavonoids: Cabbage is abundant in flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin, which exhibit strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These compounds help in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby protecting cells from damage.
- Vitamins C and K: Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis and immune function, while vitamin K plays a vital role in blood clotting and bone health.
What Are Cabbage-Derived Exosomes?
Exosomes are small, extracellular vesicles released by various cell types, including plants. They play a critical role in intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Cabbage-derived exosomes are nano-sized vesicles isolated from cabbage cells. These exosomes are not only biocompatible and non-toxic but also carry bioactive molecules that can modulate cellular functions.
Recent research highlights the potential of cabbage-derived exosomes in promoting cell proliferation, reducing inflammation, and protecting cells from apoptosis. Their ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutic molecules to target cells makes them a promising tool in medical and cosmetic applications.
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The biological activities of cabbage-derived exosomal vesicles within human cellular environments. (You J Y, et al., 2021)Applications of Cabbage-Derived Exosomes
Cabbage-Derived Exosomes in Therapeutics
1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Cabbage exosomes have shown significant anti-inflammatory properties. They inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory transcripts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages and down-regulate the protein levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2. These actions help in reducing inflammation and protecting tissues from inflammatory damage.
2. Cell Protection and Proliferation
Studies have demonstrated that cabbage exosomes are non-toxic to human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and murine macrophages. They promote the proliferation of these cells and protect them from stress-induced apoptosis. For instance, cabbage exosome supplementation reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts by significantly inhibiting caspase-3 activation.
3. Cancer Therapy
Cabbage exosomes show potential in cancer therapy by efficiently encapsulating and delivering therapeutic molecules. Research indicates that cabbage exosomes can encapsulate miR-184 and deliver it into colon cancer cells, thereby regulating their target miRNA levels. Additionally, cabbage exosome-loaded chemotherapeutic drugs have shown efficacy in in vitro experiments, indicating their potential in enhancing the delivery and effectiveness of cancer treatments.Diagnostic Applications of Cabbage-Derived Exosomes
The unique properties of cabbage exosomes, such as their ability to carry and protect bioactive molecules, make them ideal candidates for diagnostic applications. They can be engineered to carry specific biomarkers for early detection of diseases, including cancers and inflammatory conditions. The stability and biocompatibility of cabbage exosomes enhance their potential as reliable diagnostic tools.
Skin Care Applications of Cabbage-Derived Exosomes
1. Anti-Aging and Skin Repair
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cabbage exosomes make them valuable in skincare. They can help in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are major contributors to skin aging. By promoting the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, cabbage exosomes can aid in skin repair and regeneration.
2. Hydration and Protection
Cabbage exosomes can enhance skin hydration by promoting the retention of moisture in the skin. Their ability to protect cells from apoptosis and reduce inflammation further contributes to maintaining healthy and youthful skin. Incorporating cabbage exosomes into skincare formulations can provide a natural and effective approach to skin care.
References
- You J Y, Kang S J, Rhee W J. Isolation of cabbage exosome-like nanovesicles and investigation of their biological activities in human cells. Bioactive Materials. 2021. 6(12): 4321-4332.
Case Study
Case study 1: You J Y, 2021
In this study, cabbage-origin exosomal vesicles were utilized as a source of nanovesicles due to their straightforward cultivation process. A proficient technique for the extraction of these vesicles from cabbage has been established, termed Cabex. The isolated Cabex was then subjected to a comprehensive characterization to elucidate its biological properties. Notably, Cabex was found to enhance the proliferation of mammalian cells and, more intriguingly, to mitigate inflammatory responses in immune cells as well as to inhibit apoptosis in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Subsequently, therapeutic agents were encapsulated within Cabex and were then effectively delivered to human cells, showcasing their efficacy as alternative drug carriers. In conclusion, the findings presented herein constitute compelling evidence for the broad application of Cabex as innovative biomaterials for therapeutic purposes.
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Figure 1. Cabex-mediated reduction of inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. (A-C) Concentration-dependent effects of cabbage-derived exosomal vesicles on the mRNA levels of (A) interleukin-6 (IL-6), (B) interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and (C) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RAW264.7 cells were treated with varying amounts of the vesicles prior to the introduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an inflammatory response.-3.png)
Figure 2. Fluorescence microscopy images demonstrate the capability of these vesicles to transport DNA oligonucleotides, as evidenced by red fluorescence. The DNA oligonucleotides, tagged with a fluorescent marker, were encapsulated within the Cabex, which were subsequently introduced to cells to facilitate the delivery process. Nuclear staining was performed using Hoechst 33342, which is visualized in blue. The scale bar represents a length of 50 micrometers.-4.png)
Figure 3. The transference of miRNA molecules to SW480 cells via cabbage-derived exosomal vesicles (Cabex) was examined. Quantitative analysis of intracellular miRNA content, conducted before and subsequent to the miRNA transference facilitated by Cabex, was performed employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To ascertain the miRNA enrichment, the miRNA levels in cells treated with Cabex containing miR-184 were compared against those in cells treated with miR-184-free Cabex, serving as a control.-5.png)
Figure 4. The tumor-inhibitory activity of doxorubicin-encapsulated cabbage-derived exosomal vesicles (Cabex) was evaluated. SW480 cells were subjected to treatment with Cabex alone, free doxorubicin, and doxorubicin-encapsulated Cabex for a duration of 72 hours. Subsequently, the cell viability was assessed using the WST-1 colorimetric assay. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks: * for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01, and *** for p < 0.001, with 'NS' indicating no significant difference; the experiments were conducted in triplicate (n = 3).References
- You J Y, Kang S J, Rhee W J. Isolation of cabbage exosome-like nanovesicles and investigation of their biological activities in human cells. Bioactive Materials. 2021. 6(12): 4321-4332.